While Linux is a powerful platform, it is also prey to a lot of
misunderstandings. There are some things that a user must understand in
order to truly make use of this powerful system. The following eight are
perhaps the most important things to know about Linux. These are what a
Linux system is composed of.
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1. Bootloader
This is the first program that loads when the system is turned on. In
Linux, this is usually the Grub bootloader, which boots up your system
and starts the OS. If you have multiple operating systems on your PC,
then Grub will generate a menu, asking you to choose which operating
system it should be loading.
2. The Linux Kernel
Many people wrongly call Linux an operating system. Linux is actually a
kernel and it is what the Grub bootloader loads. The kernel is what
manages things like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices like
keyboard, mice, and displays. All software runs above the kernel.
3. Daemons
In Windows these are known as 'Services'. These are programs that run in
the background. They are third in line to load, following right after
the bootloader and the kernel.
4. The Shell
The shell gives you a command line processor where you can enter
commands that will manage your system. In most Linux machine, the Bash
shell is the one chosen for this purpose. The Bash shell replaced the
older Bourne shell.
5. Shell Utilities
Shell utilities are the commands that you type into the Shell. There are
usually some commands that are built-in to the shell, but most of the
most popular commands used today aren't built into the shell. The shell
utilities allow Linux users to unleash its true power.
6. X.org Graphical Server
The X Window system originated many years ago. This is related to the
graphical desktop of the Linux-based platforms. It is not a part of the
Linux kernel though and is implemented by a package called the X Server.
7. Desktop Environment
The desktop that you actually use on a Linux-based OS is the desktop
environment. Popular in this category are named like GNOME, KDE, Mate,
Cinnamon and there are many others.
8. Desktop Programs
While there are some desktop programs that are part of the desktop
environment itself, there are others that are not. In fact, some of the
most popular programs are independent of the desktop environment that
you using. Examples for this would be Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and
OpenOffice.
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